The characteristics of a submersible induction motor are described with sufficient reliability for practice by the theory of multi-motor electric drive. In this case, the classical circuit of a submersible induction motor is a coupled system of several equivalent-T circuits. In turn, this significantly increases its computational complexity and reduces the speed of ACS. It is proposed to construct a mathematical model of the submersible electric motor in the form of polynomials with significantly higher speed using the methods of experiment planning. In the area of applicability, the differences in the estimation of energy performance do not exceed 1.1%, between the proposed models and classical equivalent-T circuits.

Keywords: automated control system, mathematical model, polynomial, mean absolute percentage error, computational complexity, design of experiment, scatter diagram, modal interval, submersible electrical motor, rotor package

The article presents the development of an automated cyber-physical chocolate customization system based on laser engraving with an integrated machine vision module for quality control. An experimental stand is described, which includes a Co₂ laser with a power of up to 30 W, a precision XYZ positioning system, a conveyor feed and an optical unit with an RGB camera and ring illumination. A laser control software has been developed that implements trajectory generation, focus auto-calibration, and power/speed control, as well as a hybrid visual control algorithm based on convolutional neural networks. Integration is carried out via Modbus/TCP and REST API: real-time inspection results are returned to the PLC for adaptive adjustment of engraving parameters or automatic rejection of defective products. During the DoE experiments, the model showed a decrease in rejection from 8.3% to 1.7% and an increase in throughput from 25 to 36 units/min. Economic and technical analysis confirm.

Keywords: automation, laser engraving, chocolate products, machine vision, quality control, customization

The paper presents a method for constructing a software system for processing technological data as part of automated process control systems (APCS). The proposed approach is based on a formal representation of the data processing structure in the form of a directed acyclic graph (DAG), where each node corresponds to a stage of information transformation implemented using pluggable software modules. The architecture enables modularity, scalability, and reusability of components in organizing data processing and routing. The applicability of the approach is analyzed with regard to the development of flexible and adaptive software solutions designed for operation under changing requirements for processing logic of technological signals.

Keywords: APCS, process data processing, directed acyclic graph, modular architecture, software modules, fault tolerance, scalability, dynamic configuration, infrastructure integration, processing formalization

This article presents a method for adapting the TPL-1 telescopic rangefinder for photometric observations of artificial Earth satellites (AES). By integrating a ZWO ASI294MM Pro camera and a ""Jupiter-21M"" lens onto the telescope’s mount while retaining its original tracking capabilities, the system achieves high-precision photometric measurements without requiring expensive astronomical equipment. The custom-designed mounting mechanism ensures stable alignment and minimizes vibrations, allowing for prolonged observation sessions with reliable data acquisition. The study demonstrates the system’s effectiveness through observations of several satellites, including ERS-2, ADEOS-II, and ALOS, each exhibiting distinct photometric signatures. The results reveal periodic brightness variations, rotational dynamics, and reflective properties of these objects, with measurement accuracy comparable to professional setups. The adapted setup proves particularly valuable for educational purposes, space debris monitoring, and satellite behavior analysis, offering a cost-effective alternative to specialized instruments. This work highlights the potential of repurposing military-grade optics for scientific applications, bridging the gap between amateur and professional astronomy. Future enhancements could focus on automation and advanced data processing techniques to further expand the system’s capabilities.

Keywords: photometry, artificial satellites, TPL-1 telescope, equipment adaptation, light curves, space monitoring

The high-level software environment of automated process control systems requires reproducible and predictable maintenance. This article outlines the requirements for automation tools that ensure a consistent execution environment and independence of procedures from its current state. An assessment of the architectural characteristics of common solutions is provided. The joint use of Terraform and Ansible is justified as the foundation of a formalized maintenance model.

Keywords: software environment, automated control system, maintenance, reproducibility, configuration, automation, life cycle, computing environment, change management, programming language.

The paper is about special questions in simulation of controlled electro drive with speed feedback. The incremental encoder, that is an angle sensor in fact, is widely used as a speed feedback sensor in such a drives. It has same special features as speed sensor because of discrete operation and this features are to be taken in account in control system development and simulation. The simulation model of incremental encoder and speed signal decoder is present. Model is realized in SimInTech simulation system using visual modeling and programming language based description approach.

Keywords: Incremental encoder, speed sensor, quadrature decoder, electro drive simulation, incremental encoder simulation, SimInTech

The paper examines the case of IntraService incident management system implementation in an organization operating in the digital infrastructure segment. The study focuses on the assessment of changes that occurred in the functioning of the support service based on quantitative and qualitative indicators. The method of comparative analysis of operational parameters before and after the launch of the system is used, accompanied by expert interpretation of internal processes.

Keywords: implementation, system, incident, support, automation, platform, organization, infrastructure, process, integration

The relevance of the problem considered in the article - automation of the dosing system for galvanic production reagents, is emphasized by the fact that ecology is one of the most important problems of our time. These reagents affect vast areas of industry, while causing harm to the environment. As a result, it is necessary to consider innovations that will minimize these harmful effects. The data of the experiment on the application of the SCADA system in the automation of dosing and optimization of the control system for the processes of cleaning, filtration and selection of reagents are presented. The Aim of the work is to present the results of the conducted research. The results may be useful both for processing enterprises and for subsequent research.

Keywords: automation, galvanic production, optimization, SCADA systems, process control

The article considers the assessment of the suitability of solar radiation data from ERA5 atmospheric reanalysis for forecasting problems in the northern territories. The experimental site of the Mukhrino station (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug), equipped with an autonomous power supply system, was chosen as the object of analysis. A statistical analysis of the annual array of global horizontal insolation data obtained using the PVGIS platform has been carried out. Seasonal and diurnal features of changes in insolation are considered, distribution profiles are constructed, and emissions are estimated using the interquartile range method. It is established that the data are characterized by high variability and the presence of a large number of zero values due to polar nights and weather conditions. The identified features must be taken into account when building short-term forecasting models. The conclusion is made about the acceptable quality of ERA5 data for use in forecasting energy generation and consumption in heating systems.

Keywords: ERA5, solar radiation, horizontal insolation, the Far North, statistical analysis, forecasting, emissions analysis, renewable energy sources, energy supply to remote areas, time series, intelligent generation management

The paper considers the issue of choosing a data transmission protocol through telecommunication networks for the implementation of a distributed monitoring and diagnostic system for hydrogen solid polymer fuel cells. It has been established that the organization of such systems is potentially possible on the basis of protocols: HTTP, Websockets and UDP, however, to ensure maximum efficiency in making diagnostic decisions, the use of the UDP protocol is preferable. Experimental estimates show that the maximum time to receive a diagnostic message will be no more than 250 ms, and the average is about 125 ms.

Keywords: solid polymer fuel cell, monitoring, diagnostics, distributed system, data transmission protocols, UDP, message delays, telecommunication networks, hydrogen energy, remote control

Choosing a programmable logic controller is one of the most important tasks when designing an automated system. The modern market offers many options, different in characteristics, which have different priorities for production. The paper proposes a method for evaluating the overall effectiveness of software logic controllers. When evaluating the selected characteristics, linear scaling and weight coefficients are introduced that take into account the importance of the parameter for the controller in question compared to others. The weight of the parameter in the calculation is set using a coefficient. The values of the weight coefficients may vary depending on the requirements of the technological process.

Keywords: programmable logic controller, efficiency evaluation method, weight ratio, petal diagram

The article discusses the issues of controlling a pulse voltage stabilizer, which has the potential to provide high specific characteristics, efficiency and quality of the output voltage. It is shown that it is advisable to use a digital computing device to control this stabilizer. The oscillograms of the processes in the layout of a pulse voltage stabilizer with a digital control device are presented and an intermediate conclusion is made about an increase in the duration of transients in the stabilizer layout in comparison with the minimum possible due to the lack of time required to accurately calculate the duration of the control signals of the stabilizer's power transistors. It is proposed to calculate in advance the necessary durations of the control signals of the stabilizer's power transistors with a step-by-step change in the external operating conditions of the stabilizer and to store the results in the memory of the digital control device. The time diagrams of processes in the stabilizer simulation model are presented, in which control is implemented according to the proposed option.

Keywords: autonomous power supply system, digital twin, pulse voltage stabilizer, digital computing device

This paper considers the problem of task scheduling in manufacturing systems with multiple machines operating in parallel. Four approaches to solving this problem are proposed: pure Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), a hybrid MCDDQ agent combining reinforcement learning based on Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) and Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), an improved MCDDQ-SA agent integrating the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm to improve the quality of solutions, and a greedy algorithm (Greedy). A model of the environment is developed that takes into account machine speeds and task durations. A comparative study of the effectiveness of methods based on the makespan (maximum completion time) and idle time metrics is conducted. The results demonstrate that MCDDQ-SA provides the best balance between scheduling quality and computational efficiency due to adaptive exploration of the solution space. Analytical tools for evaluating the dynamics of the algorithms are presented, which emphasizes their applicability to real manufacturing systems. The paper offers new perspectives for the application of hybrid methods in resource management problems.

Keywords: machine learning, Q-learning, deep neural networks, MCTS, DDQN, simulated annealing, scheduling, greedy algorithm

The article proposes an approach to creating an intelligent industrial emissions monitoring system based on the YOLO architecture and digital simulation. The work is relevant for improving the effectiveness of environmental control at industrial facilities, for example, an oil refinery. The system automatically detects and classifies smoke against a complex background (glare, fog, sky), combining real video data with synthetic images of a digital model of the site. Simulation settings and augmentation have been performed for different weather and light conditions. Experiments have shown that adding 30% synthetics to the training set increases classification accuracy, especially for subtle outliers. Recommendations on simulation parameters have been developed and the precision metric for pollution classes has been evaluated. The results confirm the effectiveness of the approach and its readiness to be implemented in automation.

Keywords: machine vision, digital simulation, emission monitoring, neural network models, pollution classification

The article discusses machine learning methods, their application areas, limitations and application possibilities. Additionally highlighted achievements in deep learning, which allow obtaining accurate results with optimal time and effort. The promising architecture of neural networks of transformers is also described in detail. As an alternative approach, it is proposed to use a generative adversarial network in the process of converting a scan into elements of a digital information model.

Keywords: scanning, point cloud, information model, construction, objects, representation, neural network, machine learning

The main tasks in optimizing the automated control system for dosing and preparation of the electrode mass are considered. The tasks set to improve the accuracy of charge dosing, as well as to speed up the dosing time, are proposed to be performed using acoustic rapid analysis. The method is based on the decomposition of the acoustic signal generated by the interaction of the moving flow of the charge mixture and the charge line. The decomposition of the signal using fast Fourier transform into spectra and the allocation of sub-spectra responsible for fractional components will increase the accuracy of dosing.

Keywords: automated control system, charge, electrode mass, acoustic signal, spectral analysis, discrete Fourier transform, fractional composition of the charge mixture

A non-stationary system of automatic speed control of a DC motor with an adaptive controller is considered. Comparative simulation modeling in Simulink of the system with and without an adapter is performed. The results of the modeling confirm the stability of the adaptive system in a larger range of change of the non-stationary parameter compared to the conventional system. At the same time, the speed and quality of transient processes are maintained at the level recommended for such systems.

Keywords: automatic control system, non-stationarity, adaptive controller, subordinate control system, electromechanical object, DC motor

The role of automation in fire protection systems of technological processes is investigated. We reviewed the evolution of these systems, evaluated modern advances in automation, and analyzed their impact on improving the effectiveness of fire protection. In addition, we drew attention to the advantages of such systems, their implementation in various industries and the prospects for further development. With the constant growth of safety requirements and the desire to reduce risks, automation of fire protection systems is becoming not just an innovation, but a necessity for the sustainable development of industrial facilities.

Keywords: modern, safety, fire hazard, automation, system, insulation, fire fighting, implementation, firefighting, protection

The paper presents the concept of an intelligent superstructure designed to combine automated vertical storage systems, mobile robots and standard control systems for both warehouse and production processes into a single complex. The proposed mathematical model describes the key aspects of product placement, robot routing, and accounting for equipment throughput. Optimization algorithms allow you to create and quickly adjust storage and relocation plans based on dynamic changes (spikes in demand, disruptions, priority orders). The simulation results confirm that the implemented system helps to reduce time and resource costs, increases throughput and ensures higher adaptability of logistics operations.

Keywords: logistics, warehouse optimization, automated vertical storage systems, mobile robots, collaborative robots, warehouse management system, production process management system, mathematical model, optimization algorithms, intelligent system

production processes during the fourth industrial revolution according to the concept of Industry 4.0. The concept of Industry 4.0 provides for the digital transformation of production using modern automated production technologies and information technologies. Such transformation accelerates the pace of production and management integration of production and reduces the costs of servicing control systems and equipment. Automated production equipment of modern enterprises should be controlled using information and communication technologies. The basic technology that ensures the exchange of information between devices and facilitates decision-making on the network is the Internet of Things. Artificial intelligence, cyber-physical systems, service orientation, high-speed communication systems and remote access are technologies that allow organizing harmonious intelligent production. Thanks to this, production will have the maximum level of automation of processes and their full control, feedback between production links and product properties, reduced costs per unit of production and improved quality. Modern automation systems are analyzed and it is indicated that in order to create flexible intelligent production environments, it is necessary to use effective models of component-based industrial automation systems with high reliability. The ways to improve the efficiency of component-based systems based on modern technologies are presented: artificial intelligence, machine learning, high-speed wireless networks, forecasting systems, monitoring and data processing in real time. The creation of effective component-based industrial automation systems will reduce the time and cost per unit of production, improve its quality and reliability of production systems.

Keywords: automation, industry 4.0, efficiency, digitalization, component-based systems

The problem of modeling the dynamics and control of a quadrotor using a cascade control system based on a proportional‐integral‐derivative controller is considered. The main subject of the study is the development and simulation of a system that ensures the stable positioning of the quadrotor in the presence of external disturbances and limitations in the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle. The object of the research is the quadrotor as an unmanned aerial vehicle, while the subject is the cascade control system comprising an outer controller responsible for correcting position errors and an inner controller that maintains the stability of the vehicle’s orientation. The aim of the study is to create a mathematical model of the quadrotor’s dynamics and to implement a cascade control algorithm capable of converting position errors into control commands for adjusting the tilt angles. The work employs methods of mathematical modeling, discrete integration of the equations of motion, and cascade control algorithms implemented in MATLAB software. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control system significantly reduces the discrepancy between the current position of the vehicle and the specified target point, ensuring flight stability. However, residual errors have been identified, which are associated with the approximated models of motor dynamics and limitations on the maximum tilt angle, thereby necessitating further optimization of the control algorithms. The main conclusion of the study is that the developed cascade control system represents an effective solution for improving the positioning accuracy of the quadrotor and opens prospects for further research in the control of unmanned aerial vehicles

Keywords: quadrocopter, flight dynamics, mathematical modelling, cascade control, position controller, orientation controller, control optimisation

The article considers the problem of dynamic control of a 3-connected manipulator designed for trajectory following in conditions of external dynamic disturbances. To ensure the stability of the system, an adaptive PID controller based on the methods of kinematics and dynamics of a multi-link system is proposed. The analytical conclusions of direct kinematics, the calculation of the Jacobian matrix, and the perturbation compensation algorithm are described in detail. The experimental part is presented in the form of MATLAB modeling, the results of which are illustrated by graphs of motion, error convergence, dependence of link angles and control moments, as well as comparative tables of system characteristics at various levels of disturbances.

Keywords: robotics, manipulator, adaptive PID controller, dynamic control, direct kinematics, Jacobian matrix, perturbation compensation

In this article, an analysis of the main methods for solving the linear cutting problem (LCP) with the criterion of minimizing the number of knife rearrangements is presented. The linear cutting problem in its general form represents an optimization problem that involves placing given types of material (rolls) in such a way as to minimize waste and/or maximize the use of raw materials, taking into account constraints on the number of knives, the width of the master roll, and the required orders. This article discusses a specific case of the problem with an additional condition for minimizing knives' changes and the following approaches for its solution: the exhaustive search method, which ensures finding a global optimal solution but can be extremely inefficient for problems with a large number of orders, as well as random search based on genetic and evolutionary algorithms that model natural selection processes to find good solutions. Pseudocode is provided for various methods of solving the LCP. A comparison is made in terms of algorithmic complexity, controllability of execution time, and accuracy. The random search based on genetic and evolutionary algorithms proved to be more suited for solving the LCP with the minimization of waste and knife rearrangements.

Keywords: paper production planning, linear cutting, exhaustive search, genetic algorithm, waste minimization, knife permutation minimization

Steel hoisting ropes play an important role in metallurgical equipment, ensuring reliability and efficiency of lifting operations. One of the key features of their operation is the high level of contamination typical of metallurgical operations. Metallurgical processes are often accompanied by dust, metal chips and other abrasive particles that can significantly degrade ropes, causing wear and corrosion. To maintain the efficient operation of equipment it is necessary to monitor the condition of hoisting ropes in real time, which makes the task of improving automatic systems for monitoring the condition of ropes urgent. The paper reviews the methods of optical control of defects in hoisting steel ropes, the advantages and limitations of different approaches are considered. The aim of the work is to justify the effectiveness of the authors' developed method of analyzing rope defect images using neural networks in relation to the method based on the discrete Fourier transform. It is revealed that one of the most promising in terms of technical and economic efficiency of inspection methods is the application of vision system with image processing based on convolutional neural network technology, which allows to effectively detect defects in complex and changing operating conditions, such as metallurgical and mining production, where the background of the image may be non-uniform, and the distance between the camera and the rope varies.

Keywords: lifting ropes, vision systems, optical control methods, fast Fourier transform, hidden Markov models, convolutional neural networks

Modern automated process control systems include software complexes for monitoring, dispatching, data processing, and controlling industrial equipment. The correct operation of these systems depends on the predictable and stable deployment of software components, which requires a deterministic approach to configuration management. This paper proposes a mathematical model for software configuration management in APCS, based on difference equations of discrete systems. Numerical modeling was conducted in the Octave environment, confirming the correctness of the proposed model and allowing for the analysis of the impact of control parameters on process dynamics. The obtained results can be used to optimize strategies for automated deployment of software complexes in industrial systems.

Keywords: automated control, software complexes, discrete systems, difference equations, stability, dispatching, monitoring